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یادگیری وارونه چیست؟

آکادمی فردا دی 24, 1400
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یادگیری وارونه یک روش آموزشی است که در آن انتقال اولیه مطالب و آشنایی ابتدایی دانش‌آموز با محتوا، به فضای آموزشی شخصی (مثلاً منزل یا بخش مشخصی از زمان کلاس) منتقل می‌شود و در نتیجه، فضای گروهی آموزش به محیطی پویا و تعاملی تبدیل می‌شود که در آن آموزگار به دانش‌آموزان کمک می‌کند در قالب فعالیت‌های مختلف، مفاهیم و آموزه‌هایی که یادگرفته‌اند را در عمل به کار ببندند و ذهنشان به صورت خلاقانه با مفاهیم آموزشی درگیر شود. (شبکه یادگیری وارونه – The Flipped Learning Network- ۲۰۱۴)

در کلاس‌های سنتی، مراحل ابتدایی یادگیری تبیین شده در طبقه‌بندی شناخت بلوم (Bloom’s Taxonomy) شامل به‌ذهن‌سپاری و فهم (remembering & understanding) در کلاس اتفاق می‌افتند و سایر مراحل یادگیری به بعد از کلاس موکول می‌شوند.

در کلاس وارونه، این فرآیند به صورت واژگون صورت می‌پذیرد، به نحوی که دانش‌آموزان مراحل ابتدایی فعالیت شناختی شامل به‌ذهن‌سپاری و فهم را عمدتاً بیرون کلاس (و یا در زمان مشخص شده طی کلاس ولی به صورت فعالیت‌های انفرادی) طی می‌کنند و در کلاس درس، زمان خود را عمدتاً صرف پیمودن سطوح بالاتر شناخت شامل بکارگیری (applying)، تحلیل (analysing)، نقد و ارزیابی (evaluating) و خلق (creating) می‌کنند، گرچه برخی از این مراحل بالاتر می‌تواند به فعالیت‌های بعد از کلاس درس موکول شود. حضور آموزگار و هم‌کلاسی‌ها در این مراحل بالاتر پروسه شناخت، به رفع سریع‌تر اشکالات ایجاد شده در مراحل قبل و تعمیق بیشتر مراحل پراهمیت‌تر پروسه شناخت کمک می‌کند و به اطمینان از درگیری قوی‌تر دانش‌آموزان در این مراحل پراهمیت می‌انجامد.

در این روش یادگیری تلفیقی (blended learning approach)، تعامل رو در رو (چه حضوری و چه مجازی) با یادگیری مستقل دانش‌آموز که عموماً با ابزارهای مبتنی بر فناوری صورت می‌پذیرد، تلفیق می‌شود. در یک کلاس وارونۀ معمول، دانش‌آموزان از طریق مشاهدۀ فایل‌های ویدئویی ارائه شده توسط آموزگار یا مطالعۀ مطالب یا انجام یک فعالیت ابتدایی یا جستجوی مستقل مطالب، با مفاهیم اولیۀ مورد نظر آشنا می‌شوند. در مرحلۀ بعد و در کلاس درس، دانش‌آموزان به استفاده و حل مسئله با آموخته‌های خود در فضایی تعاملی و در قالب فعالیت‌های گروهی، پرسش و پاسخ و یا فعالیت‌های قابل ارزیابی (مانند آزمون) می‌پردازند و ضمن این فعالیت‌ها، برای سؤالات خود، پاسخ می‌یابند.

لذا فعالیت‌های انجام شده توسط دانش‌آموزان در این روش آموزشی نسبت به کلاس‌های سنتی حالت وارونه پیدا می‌کند. فضای کلاس فرصتی در اختیار دانش‌آموزان و آموزگاران قرار می‌دهد که در فضایی فعال، با یکدیگر به صورت شخصی و متمرکز تعاملی اثربخش داشته باشند.

تجربه های اخیر در کلاس‌های درس به وضوح نشان داده است که خروجی یادگیری، در کلاس‌ها و مدارسی که از روش یادگیری وارونه یا معکوس استفاده می‌کنند، به طور قابل توجهی باکیفیت‌تر، عمیق‌تر و از نظر خود بچه‌ها لذت‌بخش‌تر است.

دسته : آموزش وارونه

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